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Mulberries — sweet, nutrient-packed berries harvested from Morus trees — have long held a prized place in kitchens, health markets, and traditional medicine across the globe. Rich in antioxidants, vitamin C, iron, and dietary fiber, mulberries are consumed fresh, dried, and processed into teas, jams, syrups, and supplements. But while many nations cultivate this valuable fruit, only a few dominate its international trade.

So, which country holds the crown as the largest mulberry exporter in the world? This comprehensive article explores global mulberry production, leading export nations, trade trends, and why one country stands out in this growing market.

A Brief Overview of Mulberries

Belonging to the Morus genus, mulberries grow on deciduous trees native to warm, temperate, and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. There are several species, but the most commercially important ones include:

• Morus alba (White mulberry)
• Morus nigra (Black mulberry)
• Morus rubra (Red mulberry)

These berries offer numerous health benefits due to their rich antioxidant, anthocyanin, and vitamin content. Beyond their culinary use, mulberries have been widely valued in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine and are now enjoying growing popularity in health food markets worldwide.

Global Mulberry Production and Trade

Globally, mulberry cultivation spans over 30 countries, with significant production in:

• China
• India
• South Korea
• Turkey
• Iran
• South Africa
• Egypt
• Brazil

Yet, not all high-producing nations export at scale. Export capability depends on factors like processing infrastructure, logistics, trade agreements, and product quality certifications.

Which Country Is the Largest Mulberry Exporter in the World?

China holds the title as the world’s largest mulberry exporter, far surpassing all other countries in both export volume and value.

According to the latest international trade data:

• China exported more than 27,000 mulberry shipments in the past year alone, dominating global trade flows.
• The country exports fresh, dried, and processed mulberry products to countries across Asia, Europe, North America, and the Middle East.

Why China Leads Mulberry Exports

Massive Cultivation Area

China possesses over 600,000 hectares dedicated to mulberry cultivation. While much of this traditionally supports the country’s silk industry by feeding silkworms, a significant portion is now allocated for fruit production.

Integrated Mulberry-Silk Farming

The dual-purpose use of mulberry plantations (for both leaves and fruit) optimizes land use and increases profitability. This model allows farmers to supply both local and international markets with fresh and processed mulberries.

Strong Processing & Export Infrastructure

China boasts modern processing facilities capable of producing high-quality dried mulberries, jams, syrups, mulberry teas, and extracts. Efficient logistics networks and government-supported export policies have further solidified China’s global dominance.

Consistent Global Demand

With rising health awareness and demand for natural, antioxidant-rich superfoods, Chinese mulberries have found growing markets in Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Europe, Canada, and the United States.

Other Leading Mulberry Exporters

While China leads, several other countries also play important roles in global mulberry exports:

India

India is the world’s second-largest exporter, with over 12,000 export shipments annually. Primarily grown in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, India’s mulberries serve both domestic markets and exports to the United States, the Middle East, and Europe. India also exports mulberry products like jams, syrups, and herbal supplements.

South Africa

South Africa ranks third in global mulberry exports, with around 11,900 shipments. The country’s warm climate and large-scale farms produce both fresh and dried mulberries, mainly destined for markets in Europe and the Middle East.

Iran

Known for its high-quality dried mulberries, Iran is a major exporter to the Middle East and Europe. Though it doesn’t match the volume of China, Iran’s dried mulberries are prized for their sweetness and nutritional value.

Turkey

Turkey is another key player, particularly in dried mulberries and jams, with exports reaching Germany, France, and the United Kingdom. Organic and health food markets in Europe increasingly favor Turkish mulberries.

Global Mulberry Export Value Comparison

Approximate values based on current international trade data.

Emerging Trends in Global Mulberry Trade

Rising Demand for Dried and Processed Mulberries

Health-conscious consumers are driving a boom in dried mulberries, organic teas, jams, and syrups. China, Turkey, and Iran are expanding their value-added product lines to meet this demand.

Focus on Health and Functional Foods

Mulberries are rich in antioxidants, anthocyanins, resveratrol, and vitamins C and K, making them popular in health supplements and superfood categories in North America and Europe.

Sustainability and Climate Resilience

Mulberries grow in poor, dry soils and withstand drought conditions, making them attractive for sustainable farming initiatives in Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia.

Organic Certification and Specialty Markets

Countries like Turkey and India are gaining ground in the premium organic segment, especially in Europe, where organic certification fetches higher prices.

Future Outlook

The global mulberry market is expected to grow steadily over the next five years, with increasing consumption in:

• North America (for health supplements and dried fruit snacks)
• Europe (organic mulberries, jams, and teas)
• Asia-Pacific (fresh fruit and traditional medicines)

While China is expected to maintain its leadership, new players like India, Turkey, South Africa, and Iran are poised to increase their global market share, especially in specialty and processed mulberry product segments.

Conclusion

In the dynamic world of mulberry exports, China holds a clear and commanding lead. With its vast cultivation areas, dual-use farming systems, advanced processing capabilities, and efficient export networks, China exports more mulberries than any other nation by a wide margin.

India and South Africa are rising exporters, while Turkey and Iran continue to play crucial roles in the premium dried and organic markets.

As global awareness about the health benefits of mulberries grows, so too will the international trade in this ancient yet increasingly modern superfruit. Future success will depend not only on volume but also on product innovation, sustainability, organic certification, and value-added exports.

In the world of exotic and nutrient-rich fruits, cactus fruit — better known as prickly pear — is steadily rising in global demand. With its vibrant colors, sweet and refreshing taste, and an impressive portfolio of health benefits, prickly pear is cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions across the globe. While several countries produce this drought-tolerant fruit, only a select few lead in international trade.

So, the important question is — which country is the largest exporter of cactus fruit (prickly pear) in the world? This article delves deep into production and export figures, key players in the market, and why certain countries dominate this unique agricultural commodity.

What is Cactus Fruit (Prickly Pear)?

The prickly pear comes from the Opuntia ficus-indica cactus, a plant native to Mexico but now cultivated worldwide. Known for its oval, fleshy pads and edible fruits, prickly pear is celebrated for its high content of antioxidants, vitamin C, fiber, and anti-inflammatory compounds. Its uses range from fresh fruit consumption and juices to jams, candies, seed oils, and even eco-friendly leather alternatives.

Global Production of Prickly Pear

While many countries grow prickly pear, production is largely concentrated in:

• Mexico (the native home of the cactus fruit)
• Italy (especially the island of Sicily)
• South Africa
• Morocco
• Tunisia
• Algeria
• Chile
• India

However, not every major producer is also a top exporter. Exporting involves specific logistics — from harvesting and storage to international certifications and market access — making it a challenge for some high-output regions.

Which Country is the Largest Cactus Fruit (Prickly Pear) Exporter?

Italy is currently the world’s largest exporter of cactus fruit.

Italy, particularly the Sicilian region, accounts for the bulk of global prickly pear exports, commanding a significant share of the European market and reaching countries like France, Germany, Belgium, and Switzerland. The fertile volcanic soils of Sicily, combined with a Mediterranean climate, create perfect growing conditions for premium-quality prickly pears.

Why Italy Leads Global Prickly Pear Exports

Several factors contribute to Italy’s leading position:

1. Specialized Cultivation

Italy cultivates around 7,000–8,300 hectares of prickly pear, producing approximately 78,000–87,000 tons annually. The most famous varieties — Sulfarina, Muscaredda, and Sanguigna — are grown under protected geographical indications (PGI), notably the ‘Ficodindia dell’Etna’.

2. Advanced Post-Harvest Handling

Italian producers use state-of-the-art processing facilities for cleaning, sorting, de-spining, and packaging, which meet strict EU export standards. This ensures longer shelf life and the highest quality presentation in overseas markets.

3. Proximity to European Markets

Italy’s strategic location in southern Europe allows for rapid distribution to neighboring countries, minimizing transit times and preserving fruit freshness.

4. Strong Branding and Market Positioning

The ‘Made in Italy’ label is highly valued in global food markets. Coupled with European Union certifications like PGI, it adds a premium value to Italian prickly pear exports.

Other Key Exporters

While Italy holds the top spot, several other countries contribute to the global prickly pear trade:

Mexico

Mexico is the world’s largest producer of prickly pear, contributing around 45–50% of global production. Despite this, only about 10% of its harvest is exported. Most of Mexico’s production caters to its domestic market and nearby countries like the United States.

Canada

Surprisingly, Canada has become a notable exporter of cactus fruit to the U.S. In 2022, Canada recorded $2.9 million in exports, largely through greenhouse production and niche farming in select arid microclimates.

China

China has ramped up prickly pear exports, particularly to neighboring countries like Japan, South Korea, and Thailand. In 2023, China exported roughly $109 million worth of cactus fruit, benefiting from a growing Asian demand for exotic, health-promoting fruits.

Tunisia

While Tunisia is not a major exporter of the fresh fruit, it is the world’s leading exporter of prickly pear seed oil, a highly prized ingredient in the skincare and cosmetics industry. Tunisia exports around 8 tonnes of seed oil annually, valued at over €5 million.

Comparative Export Data

Note: Export values fluctuate yearly based on harvest, demand, and pricing trends.

Rising Markets and Future Trends

Asia’s Growing Appetite

Countries like South Korea, Japan, Thailand, and Vietnam have shown increasing interest in prickly pear fruit and byproducts. Health trends, vegan diets, and demand for sustainable ingredients are driving this surge.

Industrial Uses

Beyond food, prickly pear is now used in:

• Natural dyes
• Biodegradable packaging
• Eco-friendly leather alternatives
• Cosmetics (especially seed oil)

Climate-Resilient Agriculture

Due to its drought tolerance and soil-rehabilitating properties, governments in Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, and India are promoting prickly pear cultivation as a climate-smart crop.

Why Italy Will Likely Remain on Top

While other countries are expanding their production and export capacity, Italy’s advantages in cultivation expertise, branding, infrastructure, and EU market proximity give it a strong edge. Unless major producers like Mexico or China significantly ramp up their export-oriented operations, Italy is expected to maintain its leadership.

Conclusion

In the evolving global market for cactus fruit, Italy currently holds the title of the world’s largest prickly pear exporter. Thanks to its specialized Sicilian farms, advanced post-harvest technology, and proximity to major European markets, Italy consistently delivers high-quality prickly pears to the world.

Meanwhile, Mexico remains the top producer, and China and Canada are rising as notable exporters. With growing global interest in drought-resilient, nutrient-dense fruits, the prickly pear industry is set for further expansion — and Italy is poised to lead the way.

Persimmons, with their vibrant orange hue and rich, honeyed flavor, have long been cherished in various culinary traditions. From ancient Asian markets to trendy European cafes, these luscious fruits are now globally traded commodities. While persimmons are cultivated in several parts of the world, some countries have turned this seasonal delight into a major export product. But the big question is — which country stands as the world’s largest persimmon exporter?

In this article, we’ll explore the global persimmon trade, highlighting key exporters, market trends, and the factors that have helped one nation claim the top spot in this thriving market.

A Global Overview of Persimmon Production and Trade

Persimmons are primarily grown in warm temperate and subtropical regions, thriving in countries with mild winters and hot summers. Today, the top persimmon producers include China, South Korea, Japan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Spain, and Italy. However, not all of these producers export their harvests on a large scale.

While China remains the world’s largest producer by volume, much of its produce is consumed domestically. Export volumes tend to be dominated by a handful of countries with the infrastructure, logistics, and market connections to distribute persimmons globally.

Which Country Is the Largest Persimmon Exporter in the World?

Spain is the world’s largest persimmon exporter, both by volume and value.

In 2023, Spain exported persimmons worth approximately USD 243 million, accounting for nearly 43% of global persimmon export trade. This achievement is the result of Spain’s dedication to cultivating high-quality persimmons, coupled with advanced post-harvest processing technologies and robust distribution networks across Europe and beyond.

Why Does Spain Lead the World in Persimmon Exports?

Several factors have propelled Spain to the top of the global persimmon export market:

1. Specialized Cultivation

Spain’s primary persimmon variety is the ‘Rojo Brillante’, grown predominantly in the Valencian Community, especially in the Ribera del Xúquer region. This variety is seedless, sweet, and has a firm texture, making it highly suitable for both domestic and international markets.

2. Advanced Post-Harvest Technology

Persimmons, particularly astringent varieties like Rojo Brillante, require treatment to remove their natural bitterness. Spanish exporters utilize controlled-atmosphere (CO₂) de-astringency treatments, allowing the fruits to be safely exported while maintaining their flavor and texture.

3. Strong Trade Relations and Infrastructure

Spain benefits from well-established logistics channels and trade agreements within the European Union, giving it easy access to key markets such as Germany, France, Italy, and the Netherlands.

4. Market Branding

The ‘Rojo Brillante’ persimmons from Spain are protected under the Denomination of Origin (D.O.) Ribera del Xúquer, a quality label that has enhanced the fruit’s appeal across European markets.

Top Persimmon Exporting Countries (2023)

Aside from Spain, several other countries play vital roles in the global persimmon trade:

Europe accounts for over 50% of global persimmon exports, with Asia contributing around 44%. Spain’s dominance is clear not just in value, but also in trade volume.

Key Export Markets for Persimmons

Spain’s persimmons primarily reach:

• Germany (largest importer of Spanish persimmons)
• France
• Italy
• United Kingdom
• Netherlands
• Belgium

Other global destinations include Russia, Vietnam, and Middle Eastern markets.

Meanwhile, countries like Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan largely export to Russia, neighboring CIS countries, and select Middle Eastern nations.

Growth in Spain’s Persimmon Exports

In recent years, Spain’s persimmon exports have seen steady growth:

• Export value rose by 48% in 2023 compared to 2022.
• Germany alone imported over 48,000 tons of Spanish persimmons in 2023, making it Spain’s top export market.

This growth can be attributed to increasing health awareness, demand for exotic fruits, and the popularity of plant-based diets that include nutrient-dense fruits like persimmons.

Price Trends in the Persimmon Market

In 2023:

• The average export price of persimmons from Spain reached approximately USD 1,500 per ton, up by 4% from the previous year.
• Premium-grade persimmons (large, defect-free, CO₂-treated Rojo Brillante variety) fetched even higher prices, particularly in Western European markets.

Azerbaijan and China’s persimmons are typically sold at lower average prices due to different varieties, sizes, and market positions.

Future Trends in the Global Persimmon Market

The global persimmon market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.1% from 2024 to 2028, reaching USD 1.13 billion by 2028. This growth will be driven by:

• Rising consumer demand for exotic and nutrient-rich fruits.
• Expansion of processing techniques like drying, pureeing, and juice production.
• New markets opening up in Asia-Pacific, the Middle East, and North America.
• Climate-resilient varieties being cultivated in non-traditional regions like New Zealand and Chile.

Health Benefits of Persimmons Fueling Demand

Persimmons aren’t just sweet and attractive; they’re loaded with health benefits:

• Rich in dietary fiber, aiding digestion.
• Packed with antioxidants like beta-carotene and vitamin C.
• Contains anti-inflammatory compounds that help lower the risk of chronic diseases.
• Low in calories and high in water content, making them ideal for healthy snacking.

These nutritional advantages continue to boost global demand, both for fresh consumption and processed products.

Conclusion: Spain Reigns Supreme

After analyzing trade volumes, export values, and market reach, it’s clear that:

• Spain is currently the largest persimmon exporter in the world.
• Its persimmon exports reached USD 243 million in 2023, accounting for 43% of global trade.
• Factors like specialized cultivation, advanced post-harvest technology, strong logistics infrastructure, and European market access contribute to Spain’s leading position.
• Azerbaijan and China are significant contenders but primarily serve regional markets.

With global persimmon demand steadily rising and Spain’s industry evolving to meet new export opportunities, it appears likely that Spain will maintain its position as the world’s top persimmon exporter for years to come.

Sunflower seeds, prized for their nutritional value and versatility, have long been a staple in global agriculture. Whether pressed for oil, used in animal feed, or enjoyed as a wholesome snack, sunflower seeds play a crucial role in many economies. While some countries are major producers, others rely heavily on imports to meet domestic demand for oil extraction, food production, and export processing.

But which country imports the most sunflower seeds in the world? In this article, we’ll explore the answer in detail, along with trade trends, market dynamics, pricing, and future forecasts for this essential commodity.

An Overview of the Global Sunflower Seed Trade

Sunflower seeds are among the top oilseed crops globally, alongside soybeans, rapeseed, and peanuts. According to recent international trade reports, global sunflower seed imports reached approximately 6.1 million metric tons in 2023, with Europe dominating both production and trade. This market has fluctuated in recent years due to geopolitical events, notably the Russia-Ukraine conflict, which disrupted two of the world’s largest producers and exporters.

Countries import sunflower seeds either for direct human consumption (roasted and salted snacks), for oil extraction, or for animal feed purposes.

Which Country Is the Largest Sunflower Seed Importer?

Based on recent data, Turkey is currently the world’s largest importer of sunflower seeds by value and volume.

In 2023:

• Turkey imported approximately 746,000 metric tons of sunflower seeds.
• The total value of these imports reached USD 481 million, making it the leading buyer worldwide.

Why Does Turkey Import So Many Sunflower Seeds?

Turkey is both a producer and processor of sunflower seeds, but its domestic production cannot satisfy local and export demand. Several factors drive Turkey’s large-scale imports:

1. Robust Domestic Demand
   Turkey consumes sunflower seeds extensively in both roasted form as a snack and for sunflower oil production — one of the most popular edible oils in the country.
2. Strong Processing Sector
   Turkey has significant oilseed crushing and refining capacity, making it a major player in the sunflower oil export market.
3. Proximity to Major Exporters
   Geographically, Turkey is strategically located near key sunflower seed producers like Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, and Russia, making it a convenient and cost-effective import destination.
4. Re-export Activities
   A portion of Turkey’s imported seeds is processed into oil and meal, with the final products exported to neighboring Middle Eastern, Asian, and African markets.

Top Sunflower Seed Importing Countries (2023 Data)

Let’s take a look at the other major importers based on recent trade figures:

Bulgaria: A Rapidly Emerging Import Leader

While Turkey has traditionally held the top spot, Bulgaria is fast catching up. In 2024, Bulgaria overtook Turkey by volume, importing 785,000 metric tons of sunflower seeds.

Though Bulgaria is one of Europe’s major producers, its processing industry often imports sunflower seeds for refining, blending, and re-exporting. This growing demand makes Bulgaria a strong contender for future market leadership.

Netherlands and France: Key European Markets

Both the Netherlands and France are important European importers:

• The Netherlands functions as a vital trade hub, importing large quantities for domestic use and re-export across the European Union.
• France relies heavily on sunflower seeds for oil production, ranking among the top vegetable oil producers in Europe.

Spain: A Major Consumer Market

Spain is both a significant producer and importer of sunflower seeds, particularly for its edible oil and roasted seed markets. In 2023, Spain imported 452,000 metric tons of sunflower seeds, spending USD 507 million, which ranked it among the highest by import value globally.

Price Trends and Market Dynamics

In 2023:

• The average global import price for sunflower seeds was around USD 940 per metric ton, a slight decrease from 2022 due to improved global harvests.
• Price variations depend on the type (in-shell vs. hulled seeds), quality, origin, and intended use (snack-grade or oil-grade).

For example:

• In-shell snack seeds often fetch higher prices due to added processing requirements.
• Oilseed-grade seeds are priced based on oil content and crushing yields.

Top Exporting Countries Supplying the Market

The largest exporters of sunflower seeds globally include:

• Romania
• Ukraine
• Bulgaria
• China
• France
• Turkey
• Hungary
• Argentina

Romania and Ukraine are particularly vital suppliers to the Turkish, Bulgarian, and European markets, while Argentina’s output primarily serves demand in South America and parts of Asia.

Future Outlook: Global Sunflower Seed Trade

The global sunflower seed market is expected to remain steady in the coming years, with demand fueled by growing consumption of sunflower oil and plant-based snacks.

Key trends shaping the future:

• Increasing vegetable oil demand in developing countries.
• Health-conscious consumers favoring roasted, unsalted, and organic sunflower seed snacks.
• Expanding oilseed crushing capacities in countries like Turkey, Bulgaria, and Romania.
• Trade route diversification in response to geopolitical uncertainties affecting Ukraine and Russia.

Conclusion: The Largest Sunflower Seed Importer

After reviewing global trade volumes and values, it’s clear that:

• Turkey is currently the largest importer of sunflower seeds in the world.
• In 2023, it imported around 746,000 metric tons, worth USD 481 million.
• Bulgaria is rapidly closing the gap, having briefly overtaken Turkey in volume by early 2024.
• The Netherlands, France, and Spain remain important European importers, supporting both domestic consumption and re-export operations.

Turkey’s large-scale imports are driven by its growing edible oil industry, robust snack market, and proximity to major exporters.

Key Takeaways

• Turkey leads the world in sunflower seed imports by both volume and value.
• Bulgaria, the Netherlands, France, and Spain follow as major importers.
• Europe remains the largest importing region globally.
• Geopolitical events and market trends will continue to shape global sunflower seed trade in the coming years.

Macadamia nuts — creamy, buttery, and luxuriously crunchy — have long been a gourmet favorite across the globe. These nutrient-rich, heart-healthy nuts are not only a premium snack but also a prized ingredient in confections, baked goods, chocolates, nut butters, and dairy-free milks. As global demand for healthier plant-based and indulgent snacks rises, macadamia nuts have secured a valuable spot in international trade.

While macadamias are native to Australia and cultivated in several tropical and subtropical regions, the appetite for these rich nuts spans continents. But the question remains: which country is the largest macadamia nut importer in the world?

Let’s explore the answer in detail, breaking down import trends by value and volume, understanding global consumption patterns, and uncovering what drives the demand for this premium nut.

Global Overview of the Macadamia Nut Market

Macadamia nuts, despite their niche production compared to almonds, walnuts, or cashews, have witnessed remarkable growth in global trade over the past decade. The world’s macadamia nut production surpassed 335,000 metric tons in 2024, with top producers being South Africa, Australia, Kenya, the United States, Malawi, and Vietnam.

Though some producing countries meet their domestic demand, others rely heavily on imports to satisfy their growing markets — particularly where macadamias are consumed in large volumes in processed foods, chocolates, pastries, snack mixes, and health foods.

Which Country Is the Largest Macadamia Nut Importer in the World?

As of the latest trade reports, the United States is the world’s largest importer of macadamia nuts. Both by value and by volume, the U.S. tops the global import charts, a reflection of its vast and diverse food industry, along with its population’s growing interest in premium, health-focused, and plant-based products.

United States: The Leading Macadamia Importer

In 2023:

• The United States imported approximately 6,080 metric tons of macadamia nuts.
• The total value of these imports was around USD 89.17 million, accounting for about 25.5% of the global macadamia import market by value.

Macadamias are widely used in American households as a healthy snack, in ice creams, premium nut mixes, confectionery, baked goods, trail mixes, and increasingly, as plant-based milk. The popularity of organic and natural food products in the U.S. continues to fuel this growth.

Other Major Macadamia Nut Importers

While the U.S. holds the top spot, other nations also contribute significantly to global macadamia nut imports. These include:

China

• 2023 Imports: Approx. 5,960 metric tons
• Import Value: Around USD 45.11 million
• Share of Global Imports: 12.9%

China’s macadamia consumption has skyrocketed in recent years, making it one of the fastest-growing markets globally. Macadamias are considered a luxury, popular for gifting, snacking, and incorporation into health foods and desserts. Domestic production is growing, but imports — primarily from Australia, South Africa, and Kenya — still dominate.

Germany

• 2023 Imports: Approx. 3,780 metric tons
• Import Value: USD 39.45 million
• Share of Global Imports: 11.3%

Germany has a long-standing tradition of using premium nuts in its bakery and confectionery industries. Macadamias are commonly found in pastries, chocolates, cookies, and high-end snack products. The country’s reputation for gourmet sweets and fine foods helps sustain its position as one of the top importers.

Japan

• 2023 Imports: Approx. 2,660 metric tons
• Import Value: USD 31.40 million
• Share of Global Imports: 9%

Japan’s health-conscious consumers and thriving confectionery sector make it a strong market for macadamia imports. The nut is particularly popular in chocolates, traditional sweets, and health-focused snack packs.

Netherlands

• 2023 Imports: Approx. 1,880 metric tons
• Import Value: USD 22.01 million
• Share of Global Imports: 6.3%

The Netherlands acts as a strategic entry point for nuts into the European market, re-exporting processed and packaged products to neighboring countries.

Regional Import Trends

North America

Besides the United States, Canada and Mexico also maintain a steady demand for macadamias, driven by a similar health and wellness trend, and the popularity of natural food products.

Europe

Germany, Netherlands, France, the UK, and Switzerland are significant macadamia markets in Europe. The region values premium, high-quality nuts in confectionery and gourmet foods.

Asia-Pacific

China leads the region, followed by Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. The Asia-Pacific market accounted for more than 63% of global macadamia nut imports by value in 2024.

Import Prices: Shelled vs. In-Shell

Macadamia nuts are traded as:

• In-shell nuts, often for roasting and direct snacking.
• Shelled kernels, used in baking, chocolates, and food processing.

In 2024:

• Average global price for in-shell macadamias: USD 2,635/ton (4.4% increase from previous year)
• Average global price for shelled macadamia kernels: USD 10,145/ton (7.7% decrease from the previous year)

Shelled macadamias command higher prices due to labor-intensive shelling, quality control, and handling processes.

Where Do These Macadamias Come From?

The global macadamia export market is dominated by:

• South Africa: The largest exporter, shipping over USD 293 million worth of macadamias in 2023.
• Australia: A traditional leader, with USD 164 million in exports.
• Kenya: Rising steadily with USD 75.2 million.

Other contributing countries include Vietnam, Malawi, Guatemala, and the U.S. (Hawaii).

Future Outlook for the Macadamia Nut Market

The macadamia industry is poised for significant growth:

• Global macadamia kernel demand is projected to rise from 64,000 metric tons in 2022 to 137,000 metric tons by 2027 — more than doubling in just five years.
• China’s consumption alone is expected to triple, reaching 46,500 metric tons by 2027.
• The U.S. market will continue expanding, driven by increasing interest in clean-label, plant-based, and functional foods.

Production is also scaling up:

• South Africa and Australia have increased cultivation areas.
• Emerging growers in Guatemala, Malawi, and Vietnam are investing in orchards to meet global demand.

Conclusion

In summary:

• The United States is currently the largest macadamia nut importer in the world, leading both in terms of value and volume.
• China is rapidly closing the gap, with consumption growing exponentially.
• Germany, Japan, and the Netherlands are key importers, sustaining demand within Europe and Asia.
• The global appetite for macadamias continues to grow, fueled by health trends, rising incomes, and the premiumization of snack and food markets.

With expanding production and diversified supply chains, the international macadamia market is set for a dynamic future. Yet for now, the U.S. remains the global leader in macadamia imports — a reflection of its thriving food culture and appetite for indulgent, nutritious snacks.

Hazelnuts — small, round, and packed with rich, earthy flavor — are among the world’s most prized nuts. Used in chocolates, pastries, spreads, and gourmet recipes, hazelnuts have grown into a highly traded commodity on the international stage. While Turkey leads the world in hazelnut production, the demand for these nuts has spread far and wide, especially in countries where confectionery and bakery industries thrive.

In this article, we’ll explore in detail which country stands as the largest importer of hazelnuts in the world, what drives this demand, how the global hazelnut trade works, and what trends are shaping the future of this growing market.

A Quick Look at Global Hazelnut Trade

Before we dive into the top importer, it’s helpful to understand the structure of the global hazelnut market.

Hazelnuts are primarily grown in a few select countries, with Turkey being the dominant producer, responsible for around 58–61% of the world’s hazelnut supply. Other notable producers include Italy, the United States (Oregon), Azerbaijan, and Georgia.

These nuts are highly valued for their use in chocolate spreads (like Nutella), confectionery products, baked goods, and increasingly in plant-based dairy substitutes like hazelnut milk.

The majority of hazelnuts are exported in two forms:

• In-shell hazelnuts
• Shelled hazelnuts (kernels)

Now, let’s explore which countries are importing these valuable nuts in the largest quantities.

Which Country Imports the Most Hazelnuts?

Germany: The Largest Hazelnut Importer by Value

As of the latest global trade data, Germany ranks as the largest hazelnut importer in the world by value. In recent years, Germany has consistently imported hazelnuts worth over US $500 million annually.

In 2023:

• Germany imported hazelnuts valued at approximately US $526 million.
• This accounted for around 28% of the world’s total hazelnut import value.

This is not surprising given that Germany is home to some of the world’s largest chocolate and confectionery companies, including Ferrero, Ritter Sport, and Lindt & Sprüngli. These companies require massive quantities of hazelnuts for products like hazelnut-filled chocolates, pralines, and spreads.

Top Hazelnut Importers by Value (2023)

Italy: The Top Importer by Volume

While Germany leads by value, Italy is the largest importer of hazelnuts by volume.

In 2024:

• Italy imported around 22,000 metric tons of hazelnuts, accounting for 36% of the total global import volume.

This makes sense given Italy’s own culinary traditions. Italian desserts like gianduja (hazelnut chocolate), torrone (nougat), and various pastries heavily feature hazelnuts. Even though Italy is also one of the world’s top hazelnut producers, its booming domestic confectionery industry requires additional imports to meet demand, especially during peak seasons.

Emerging Hazelnut Markets: Focus on Asia

In recent years, Asian countries have rapidly increased their demand for hazelnuts.

• Vietnam is the largest hazelnut importer in Asia, bringing in around 19,000 metric tons in 2024.
• China and Thailand follow, reflecting a growing consumer market for nuts and nut-based snacks.

Hazelnuts are increasingly being used in Asia for:

• Health foods
• Gourmet chocolate products
• Nut milks
• Trail mixes
• Western-style bakeries

This surge in demand is fueled by rising disposable incomes, health-conscious eating habits, and the influence of global food trends in the region.

Why Is Germany the Largest Importer by Value?

Several factors explain why Germany leads the world in hazelnut imports by value:

Major Confectionery Industry

Germany is home to world-renowned chocolate and confectionery brands like Ferrero (manufacturer of Nutella, Ferrero Rocher), Ritter Sport, and Haribo. These companies require massive and steady hazelnut supplies.

Re-exporting Processed Goods

A significant portion of imported hazelnuts are processed into high-end chocolate products and other confectioneries in Germany and then exported worldwide, adding value and boosting the country’s confectionery exports.

High-Quality Premium Products

Germany also imports higher-quality, more expensive hazelnut varieties for premium product ranges, which increases the overall value of their imports.

Hazelnut Import Prices: Who Pays the Most?

In 2024, the average global hazelnut import price was around US $3,575 per ton.

Interestingly:

• Vietnam paid one of the highest average prices, around US $4,664 per ton, likely due to its growing premium snack and confectionery markets.
• Thailand imported hazelnuts at a lower price of US $2,042 per ton.
• Brazil imported smaller quantities but at premium prices exceeding US $8,730 per ton for niche gourmet and luxury markets.

The Role of Turkey: The World’s Hazelnut Supplier

Turkey is the undisputed king of hazelnut production, supplying nearly 70% of the world’s hazelnut exports.

In the 2023–24 marketing year:

• Turkey exported over 303,000 metric tons of hazelnuts.
• Export earnings reached US $2.35 billion, marking a significant increase from the previous year.

The majority of Turkish hazelnuts are shipped to:

• Germany
• Italy
• France
• China
• Vietnam

Turkey’s dominance ensures that fluctuations in its harvest have a significant impact on global prices and availability.

Future Outlook: Where Is the Hazelnut Market Headed?

The global hazelnut market is expected to experience steady growth over the next decade, driven by:

• Rising demand for plant-based and health foods
• Expansion of gourmet and artisanal confectionery markets
• Growth of premium nut-based dairy substitutes

Emerging producers like Chile, Georgia, and the United States (Oregon) are investing in hazelnut plantations to diversify global supply and reduce dependence on Turkish harvests, which are often affected by climate variability.

On the demand side:

• Asian markets (Vietnam, China, Thailand) are expected to continue increasing their imports.
• European demand will remain strong but relatively stable.
• North America is predicted to show moderate, consistent growth, particularly in the health-food and vegan product sectors.

Conclusion

To sum it up:

• Germany is the largest hazelnut importer in the world by value, spending over US $526 million annually on imports.
• Italy leads in import volume, bringing in over 22,000 metric tons in 2024.
• Vietnam is rapidly emerging as Asia’s top hazelnut importer, reflecting changing dietary preferences and growing confectionery industries.

With global interest in plant-based, health-conscious, and gourmet foods rising, the hazelnut market is poised for steady growth in the coming years — and Germany looks set to hold its place at the top of the import charts for now.

Pomegranates — those ruby-red, jewel-like fruits packed with health benefits and cultural significance — have gained immense popularity in recent years. Often associated with ancient mythology and modern superfood trends, pomegranates are in demand worldwide for their unique taste, antioxidant-rich seeds, and nutritional value. While many countries grow pomegranates commercially, one country stands out as the global export leader: India.

In this comprehensive article, we’ll uncover how India became the largest pomegranate exporter in the world, explore other top players in the international market, and review the latest trade trends, challenges, and future outlook for this thriving industry.

A Brief Overview of Global Pomegranate Production

Pomegranates are cultivated in over 50 countries, primarily in tropical and subtropical regions. The largest producers include:

• India
• Iran
• China
• United States
• Turkey
• Spain

While countries like Iran and China produce vast quantities of pomegranates, their exports remain modest compared to India due to high domestic consumption or limited export infrastructure.

Which Country Exports the Most Pomegranates?

India: The Unrivaled Export Leader

According to recent trade reports and the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) of India:

• In 2023–24, India exported over 137,000 metric tons of fresh pomegranates.
• These exports generated around USD 125 million in revenue.
• India accounts for nearly 50% of the global pomegranate export volume, making it the largest exporter of pomegranates in the world.

This dominance stems from a combination of favorable growing conditions, a long harvest season, and established export infrastructure.

Why India Dominates the Global Pomegranate Export Market

Ideal Growing Conditions

India benefits from diverse agro-climatic zones, particularly in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh. These regions offer:

• Warm, semi-arid climates
• Fertile, well-drained soils
• Extended growing seasons from January to October

This allows Indian growers to supply fresh pomegranates for much of the year, covering multiple global demand cycles.

High-Quality Varieties

India produces several premium varieties suited for export, including:

• Bhagwa: Bright red skin, soft seeds, sweet taste
• Ganesh: Popular in domestic and Middle Eastern markets
• Ruby and Arakta: Known for their rich color and long shelf life

The Bhagwa variety, in particular, commands a strong international reputation for its appearance, flavor, and storability.

Well-Established Export Infrastructure

India has developed a robust cold chain and logistics network to handle fresh fruit exports efficiently. Major export hubs like Mumbai Port, JNPT, and Chennai Port serve as key gateways for pomegranate shipments to Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Australia.

Government Support & Certifications

Through organizations like APEDA, India actively promotes fresh fruit exports, offering:

• Financial incentives for exporters
• International marketing support
• Quality assurance through GlobalGAP, ISO, and phytosanitary certifications

This ensures Indian pomegranates consistently meet the strict import standards of markets like the European Union and Australia.

Other Major Pomegranate Exporting Countries

While India leads, several other nations also play significant roles in the global pomegranate trade:

Spain

Spain ranks second globally, exporting mostly to European Union countries. Its main production comes from the Valencian Community and Murcia regions.

Iran

A historical producer of pomegranates, Iran exports mainly to nearby Middle Eastern markets but faces export limitations due to geopolitical factors and sanctions.

Turkey

Turkey’s pomegranate exports have grown steadily, with Izmir and Mersin serving as major shipping points for European and Gulf destinations.

Global Trends Driving Pomegranate Exports

Health and Wellness Movement

Pomegranates have gained superfood status in recent years due to their:

• High antioxidant content
• Anti-inflammatory properties
• Cardiovascular benefits

This growing awareness has increased demand for fresh pomegranates, juices, extracts, and supplements in health-conscious markets.

Rising Demand for Value-Added Products

Pomegranate arils (seed sacs), cold-pressed juice, oils, and powders are seeing strong market growth in:

• Europe
• North America
• Southeast Asia

This has led to diversified export opportunities beyond whole fresh fruit.

New Export Markets

Countries like Australia, South Korea, and Japan have recently opened up to Indian pomegranates, expanding global trade networks and reducing reliance on traditional markets.

Challenges in the Global Pomegranate Market

Despite positive trends, the international pomegranate trade faces several challenges:

• Perishability: Fresh pomegranates have a limited shelf life, requiring efficient cold chains and careful handling.
• Trade Barriers: Import regulations, tariffs, and phytosanitary certifications vary between countries, complicating logistics.
• Climate Risks: Droughts, unseasonal rains, and pests can affect yields and export quality.
• Competition: Increasing production in Spain, Turkey, and Egypt has intensified price competition, especially in European and Gulf markets.

Future Outlook for Pomegranate Exports

The global pomegranate market is expected to maintain a strong growth trajectory. According to market research, the global pomegranate market was valued at USD 10 billion in 2023, with projections estimating it to reach USD 18 billion by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 6.5%.

India is poised to retain its leadership position due to:

• Expansion into new export markets
• Growth in organic and processed product segments
• Adoption of advanced cultivation and post-harvest technologies

Other countries like Spain and Turkey will continue to be strong competitors, especially within the European Union.

Final Verdict

To answer the central question:

Which country is the largest pomegranate exporter in the world?

The clear and definitive answer is India.

With ideal growing conditions, export-friendly pomegranate varieties, a mature logistics network, and strong government support, India dominates global pomegranate exports by both volume and value. As demand for this antioxidant-rich superfruit continues to rise worldwide, India is well-positioned to sustain and expand its global market leadership.

Quick Recap:

• Top Exporter: India (137,000+ metric tons in 2023–24)
• Other Leading Exporters: Spain, Iran, Turkey, USA
• Market Growth: Expected to double by 2032
• Top Destinations: UAE, Saudi Arabia, Netherlands, Australia, UK

Mangoes — often crowned the “King of Fruits” — are loved worldwide for their vibrant flavor, juicy flesh, and tropical charm. Native to South Asia, this luscious fruit has been cultivated for over 4,000 years and today enjoys global demand, with millions of tonnes grown annually across tropical and subtropical regions. While India is famously the largest producer of mangoes, it may surprise many to learn that Mexico holds the crown for being the largest mango exporter in the world.

In this article, we’ll explore how Mexico became the global mango export leader, examine other significant mango-exporting countries, and uncover the trends driving this dynamic fruit trade.

A Quick Look at the Global Mango Industry

Mango production is a booming industry worldwide. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), global mango production exceeds 55 million tonnes annually, with the majority consumed domestically in producing countries. Mangoes are grown in more than 90 countries, but only a handful dominate the export market.

Unlike some other fruits where the largest producer also leads in exports, the global mango trade works differently. Though India produces nearly 45% of the world’s mangoes, it exports only a tiny fraction of its harvest due to strong domestic demand and logistical challenges.

Which Country Is the Largest Mango Exporter?

Mexico is the world’s leading mango exporter by both value and volume.

Mexico’s Mango Export Highlights:

• In 2023, Mexico exported over 450,000 metric tons of mangoes globally.
• This generated more than USD 575 million in export revenue.
• Mexico accounts for approximately 38-40% of the global mango export market.
• The primary markets for Mexican mangoes include the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, and parts of Europe.

Why Mexico Dominates the Global Mango Export Market

Ideal Climate and Geography

Mexico’s tropical and subtropical regions, especially states like Sinaloa, Michoacán, Chiapas, Nayarit, and Oaxaca, provide the perfect conditions for mango cultivation. The country benefits from long growing seasons, rich volcanic soil, and moderate rainfall.

Strong Export Infrastructure

Proximity to the lucrative U.S. market — the largest mango importer globally — gives Mexico a logistical advantage. Efficient cold chain facilities, proximity to ports, and well-established trade agreements like USMCA (United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement) ensure fast, reliable exports.

Preferred Mango Varieties

Mexico grows several mango varieties tailored for export, including:

• Tommy Atkins (most widely exported, known for durability)
• Ataulfo (small, golden-yellow, and sweet, also known as “Honey mango”)
• Kent and Keitt (large, juicy, and less fibrous)

These varieties ship well, have a good shelf life, and appeal to a broad consumer base in importing countries.

Year-Round Availability

Thanks to the varying harvest seasons across its mango-growing regions, Mexico can supply mangoes from March to September, covering the Northern Hemisphere’s summer demand.

Other Major Mango Exporters

Though Mexico leads the pack, several other countries play significant roles in the global mango trade:

Brazil

Brazil is a key player in the mango export industry, supplying around 160,000 metric tons annually. Brazil’s mango season, typically from September to January, complements Mexico’s harvest, helping maintain global supply year-round. Key markets include Europe, the U.S., and the Middle East.

Peru

Peru exports roughly 150,000 metric tons of mangoes annually, primarily to Europe and the U.S. The Piura region is especially known for its mango production. The Peruvian season runs from November to March, strategically filling supply gaps in international markets.

India

Despite being the world’s largest mango producer — with over 22 million tonnes annually — India exports only around 60,000–70,000 metric tons per year. Challenges like perishability, export restrictions, and enormous domestic demand limit India’s global market presence. However, premium varieties like Alphonso, Kesar, and Banganapalli enjoy strong demand in the Middle East, the U.K., and the U.S.

Egypt

Egypt is a growing mango exporter, targeting primarily Middle Eastern markets. Egyptian mangoes are valued for their rich flavor and affordable pricing.

Colombia

Colombia’s mango export industry is rapidly expanding, focusing on supplying North America and Europe.

Trends Driving Global Mango Exports

Health & Wellness Trend

Mangoes are rich in vitamins A and C, antioxidants, and dietary fiber. Their health benefits, combined with global interest in tropical fruits, have boosted demand in the U.S., Europe, and Asia.

Expansion of Premium Varieties

Specialty mangoes like Ataulfo, Alphonso, and organic varieties are increasingly popular among consumers willing to pay a premium for superior taste and ethical sourcing.

E-Commerce & Direct-to-Consumer Sales

With the rise of online grocery platforms, even exotic fruits like mangoes have become more accessible in non-tropical markets.

Improved Cold Chain Logistics

Better cold storage, ripening facilities, and air-freight services have made it possible to export delicate mango varieties over long distances without compromising quality.

Challenges Facing the Mango Export Industry

While the future of global mango exports looks bright, several challenges persist:

• Climate Change: Droughts, storms, and unpredictable weather patterns can affect crop yields and quality.
• Phytosanitary Regulations: Many countries enforce strict quality and safety standards for imported fresh produce.
• Post-Harvest Losses: Mangoes are highly perishable and require efficient cold-chain management.
• Price Volatility: Seasonal fluctuations in production and supply-demand imbalances often lead to unstable market prices.

Conclusion

So, to answer the central question:

Which country is the largest mango exporter in the world?

Mexico — and by a significant margin.

With its ideal growing conditions, strategic trade partnerships, efficient infrastructure, and popular mango varieties, Mexico contributes close to 40% of the world’s mango exports. While countries like Brazil, Peru, and India continue to expand their export footprint, Mexico remains the king of mango exports.

As global consumers grow more health-conscious and interested in exotic tropical fruits, the international mango trade is set to flourish. With innovations in post-harvest technology, expansion of organic and premium varieties, and strategic market targeting, the mango industry will continue to delight palates and economies alike.

The kiwifruit — with its vibrant green or golden flesh, speckled with tiny black seeds and wrapped in a fuzzy or smooth skin — has become one of the world’s most popular superfruits. Originally native to China, the kiwifruit’s commercial journey began in New Zealand, where it earned both its global popularity and its modern name. Today, the global kiwifruit trade spans continents, with one country leading the charge: New Zealand.

In this article, we’ll explore how New Zealand became the largest kiwifruit exporter in the world, examine other major players in the market, and unpack the factors driving this dynamic industry.

The Origins of Kiwifruit

Though many associate kiwifruit with New Zealand, it was first cultivated in the wild in the temperate forests of China, where it was known as the Chinese gooseberry. In the early 20th century, seeds were brought to New Zealand, where local farmers quickly recognized the fruit’s commercial potential.

To give it a marketing edge in Western markets and avoid trade barriers associated with the name “Chinese gooseberry,” the fruit was renamed “kiwifruit” in the 1950s — after New Zealand’s iconic flightless bird, the kiwi.

The Global Kiwi Market Overview

Today, kiwifruit is grown in over 15 countries worldwide, with notable producers including:

• New Zealand
• Italy
• Greece
• Chile
• Iran
• France
• China

The global kiwifruit market is valued at over USD 3.8 billion annually, with continuous growth fueled by its reputation as a nutrient-rich superfruit and its versatile use in desserts, smoothies, salads, and health-focused diets.

Which Country Exports the Most Kiwifruit?

New Zealand: The Global Kiwi King

New Zealand is the undisputed leader in kiwifruit exports, contributing nearly 45% of the global export market share.

In 2023:

• New Zealand exported over 630,000 metric tons of kiwifruit.
• These exports were valued at approximately USD 1.5 billion.
• The country ships to over 50 countries, with key markets including China, Japan, the United States, and European nations like Germany and the Netherlands.

Why New Zealand Dominates the Kiwi Export Market

Several factors have propelled New Zealand to the top of the global kiwifruit trade:

Ideal Growing Conditions

New Zealand’s temperate climate, abundant rainfall, and fertile volcanic soils, particularly in the Bay of Plenty region, create ideal conditions for growing high-quality kiwifruit.

Strong Industry Organization: Zespri

The success of New Zealand’s kiwifruit industry is largely credited to Zespri International, a grower-owned company and the world’s single-largest marketer of kiwifruit.
Zespri controls virtually all kiwifruit exports from New Zealand, ensuring:

• High-quality standards
• Uniform branding
• Efficient logistics
• Coordinated market access strategies

Zespri’s globally recognized brand carries significant weight in international markets, and its proactive cultivar development programs keep the industry competitive.

Premium Varieties

While traditional green kiwifruit (Hayward) remains popular, New Zealand’s development of the SunGold™ (a golden-fleshed, sweeter, less tart variety) has opened new premium market segments, commanding higher prices and consumer preference in Asia and Europe.

Counter-Seasonal Advantage

Because New Zealand’s harvest season runs from March to November, it complements the Northern Hemisphere’s off-season supply, ensuring continuous availability in major consuming countries.

Other Major Kiwi Exporters

While New Zealand dominates, several other countries play important roles in the global kiwifruit trade:

Italy

• Europe’s largest kiwifruit producer.
• Exports approximately 430,000 metric tons annually.
• Key markets include Germany, Spain, and France.
• Italy’s kiwifruit harvest runs from October to May, directly complementing New Zealand’s supply window.

Greece

• Rapidly increasing production.
• Exports have surged past 300,000 metric tons annually.
• Especially popular in Eastern Europe and Middle Eastern markets.
• Greece benefits from affordable land, favorable climate, and EU market access.

Chile

• Leading Southern Hemisphere competitor to New Zealand.
• Exports over 150,000 metric tons annually.
• Focused on North America and Asian markets.
• Chile’s kiwifruit season overlaps with New Zealand’s but benefits from different trade agreements.

Iran

• Growing presence in Middle Eastern and Asian markets.
• Annual exports of around 80,000-100,000 metric tons.

Global Kiwi Trade Trends

Several market trends are influencing the future of kiwifruit exports:

Rising Health Awareness

Kiwifruit’s reputation as a superfruit packed with vitamin C, dietary fiber, and antioxidants has driven demand in health-conscious markets.

Premium Product Demand

Golden kiwifruit, organic options, and specialty cultivars are gaining traction, with consumers willing to pay higher prices for quality and unique taste profiles.

Organic and Sustainable Production

Countries like New Zealand and Italy are investing in organic kiwifruit cultivation and sustainable farming practices to cater to eco-aware consumers.

Expanding Asian Markets

China, South Korea, and Southeast Asian countries are emerging as significant importers due to rising incomes and growing interest in healthy, imported fruits.

Challenges Facing Kiwi Exporters

Despite strong demand, the global kiwifruit trade faces several hurdles:

• Climate Change: Droughts, frosts, and plant diseases like PSA (Pseudomonas syringae actinidiae) threaten yields.
• Trade Barriers: Tariffs, phytosanitary regulations, and supply chain disruptions can limit access to some markets.
• Rising Production in Competing Countries: Countries like Greece and Iran are increasing production, offering lower-cost alternatives.

The Future of Kiwi Exports

New Zealand is expected to maintain its leadership in kiwifruit exports through:

• Continued investment in cultivar innovation (like red and gold kiwifruit)
• Expanding offshore production partnerships in Europe and Asia via Zespri licensing
• Strengthening its brand as a premium, sustainable, and high-quality supplier

Meanwhile, Italy, Greece, and Chile are set to expand their global presence, focusing on regional markets and counter-seasonal opportunities.

Final Verdict

So, to answer the central question:

Which country is the largest kiwi exporter in the world?

New Zealand — by a wide margin.

With over USD 1.5 billion in annual exports, a robust cooperative marketing system through Zespri International, and a reputation for premium-quality fruit, New Zealand continues to lead the global kiwifruit trade. Its dominance is reinforced by its innovative cultivars, counter-seasonal supply, and sophisticated global logistics network.

As global demand for nutritious, health-focused fruits grows, New Zealand’s kiwifruit industry remains a shining example of how agricultural innovation, coordinated export strategies, and quality branding can elevate a modest fruit to international superfood status.

Olives have long held an essential place in human history, cuisine, and culture — especially across the Mediterranean, where they are considered both a staple food and a symbol of health and prosperity. While many countries produce olives, global demand often outpaces local supply, turning international trade into a vital lifeline for olive enthusiasts and industries worldwide.

But which country leads the world in olive imports? Let’s dive deep into the fascinating global olive market, uncover the largest importing nation, and explore the factors fueling this impressive trade.

A Brief Overview of the Global Olive Market

Olives are commercially traded in two main forms:

• Table Olives: Whole or sliced olives preserved in brine, oil, or marinades for direct consumption.
• Olive Oil: Pressed oil extracted from olives, valued for its culinary, cosmetic, and health uses.

Both these categories are central to global trade, though their trade patterns differ slightly due to demand trends and production centers. Major producing countries include Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, and Morocco, while import demand is spread across Europe, North America, and parts of Asia.

Global Olive Consumption and Trade Trends

According to the International Olive Council (IOC), global olive oil consumption has been rising steadily, particularly in non-Mediterranean countries such as the United States, Japan, and Brazil, driven by growing awareness of olive oil’s health benefits. Similarly, table olive consumption has expanded globally, with consumers drawn to Mediterranean-style diets rich in vegetables, legumes, grains, and olives.

Some key trade trends include:

• An increase in premium extra virgin olive oil demand.
• Growth in organic olive oil consumption.
• Rising demand for stuffed, flavored, and specialty table olives in gourmet and health-focused markets.

Which Country Is the Largest Olive Importer in the World?

The United States: The World’s Leading Olive Importer

Based on the latest trade data from UN Comtrade, the United States is the world’s largest importer of olives, both in terms of table olives and olive oil combined. In 2023, the U.S. imported more than:

• 145,000 metric tons of table olives
• Over 90,000 metric tons of olive oil

This places the United States well ahead of other major importers such as Brazil, France, Germany, and Italy.

Why the United States Leads Olive Imports

Several factors contribute to the U.S.’s position as the top importer:

Health and Culinary Trends

Americans have embraced Mediterranean-style diets rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and olive oil. Awareness about the benefits of monounsaturated fats and antioxidants found in olives and olive oil has fueled demand across all age groups.

Expansive Food Industry

The U.S. foodservice, restaurant, and packaged food industries extensively use olives and olive oil in recipes, dressings, pizzas, sandwiches, sauces, and gourmet products. This industrial-scale use requires large, consistent imports year-round.

Limited Domestic Production

While states like California produce olives — particularly for olive oil — domestic production falls far short of national consumption, creating a reliance on imported supplies from Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, and Morocco.

Wide Retail Distribution

Major supermarket chains, specialty food stores, and e-commerce platforms across the U.S. offer a broad range of imported table olives and olive oils, driving availability and awareness among consumers.

Other Major Olive-Importing Countries

While the United States leads, several other nations are also significant importers:

Italy: A Special Case

Interestingly, despite being one of the world’s largest olive producers, Italy is also one of its largest importers — especially for high-value extra virgin olive oil from Spain and Greece. This happens because Italian brands often blend imported oils with domestic products to meet demand and price points, or to export under Italian labels.

Where Do These Olives Come From?

The United States and other major importers source their olives from several Mediterranean countries, including:

• Spain: The world’s largest producer and exporter of both table olives and olive oil.
• Italy: Known for premium-quality extra virgin olive oil.
• Greece: Famous for Kalamata and other specialty olives.
• Turkey: A growing exporter of bulk and processed olives.
• Morocco: Increasingly important for both volume and price competitiveness.

Market Trends Driving U.S. Olive Imports

Extra Virgin Olive Oil Popularity

Consumers are increasingly trading up to extra virgin olive oil for its purity, flavor, and health benefits. Sales of organic and certified origin (PDO) oils have also risen sharply.

Gourmet and Specialty Olive Products

Stuffed olives, flavored olives (with garlic, lemon, or herbs), and marinated olive assortments have become favorites in gourmet markets, delis, and charcuterie boards.

E-Commerce Growth

The rise of online grocery and specialty food shopping has made imported olive products more accessible to American consumers.

Mediterranean Diet Endorsements

Medical studies and endorsements by nutrition experts have promoted the Mediterranean diet as one of the healthiest eating patterns, further driving demand for olives and olive oil in the U.S.

Challenges in the Global Olive Trade

Despite positive trends, the global olive market faces challenges:

• Climate Change Impacts: Droughts and unpredictable weather in Southern Europe and North Africa affect harvests and yields, causing price fluctuations.
• Tariff Barriers: In recent years, U.S. tariffs on some European agricultural products, including Spanish olives, have influenced trade routes and supplier decisions.
• Supply Chain Pressures: Shipping delays and rising freight costs occasionally impact availability and pricing in importing countries.

Sustainability and Olive Production

Sustainable farming practices, water conservation, and organic olive farming are increasingly important in maintaining the long-term viability of olive production and meeting international consumer expectations.

Countries like Spain and Greece have expanded organic olive groves and invested in eco-friendly processing, which appeals to markets like the U.S. where sustainability certifications and organic labels carry growing influence.

Conclusion

In summary:

• The United States is the world’s largest olive importer, driven by strong consumer demand, a thriving food industry, and limited domestic production.
• Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, and Morocco are the main suppliers meeting this demand.
• Italy, France, Brazil, and Germany also play significant roles in global olive trade.
• Market trends such as the popularity of extra virgin olive oil, Mediterranean diets, and specialty gourmet products continue to fuel imports.
• Climate challenges and trade policies remain ongoing factors affecting global olive commerce.

With health-conscious consumers and the expanding gourmet food market in the U.S. and worldwide, the olive trade is expected to grow further — ensuring this ancient fruit remains a modern-day staple in kitchens across the globe.